Chapter 16 (798-811)

Chapter 16 (798-811) 

 This section deals with the "echoes of revolution" the spread across Europe and the Americas. As a result of the influence of the Atlantic revolutions, three major movements rose to challenge oppression and exclusion, the abolishment of slavery, nationalism, and the feminist movement. Slavery loses its legitimacy and largely ends due to Enlightenment thinkers, religion, it was no longer essential for economic progress and the destruction of slave rebellions. The main argument in the abolishment of slavery was the fact that slavery was a violation of every person's natural rights. Though it became illegal, many still resisted the abolition of slavery and a result was the Civil War and while slaves were freed they were given no land and no political equality. Nations and Nationalism led to the idea of the "Nation". People were no longer common subjects of a ruling dynasty, but citizens of a nation, bound by blood, culture and common experience. Though this marked the beginning of governments begin to claim to act on behalf of their nations. Feminist beginnings led to challenging patriarchy and women began to question why they were though to be inferior to men. Women sought equal education, professions and the right to vote. The feminist movement faced medical and academic opposition such as, women pursuing individual goals are sacrificing family and the nation and are essentially being selfish. However, feminism went global and spread to nations like Brazil, Mexico, Japan, China, Russia, and the Islamic world.